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retaining students is not a new idea. It's an experiment that has been tried on and off for generations, and it's been studied for almost that long. The overarching message from research in this area is that retaining a low-scoring third grader will not help her do better than a similar classmate with similar scores who is moved along to fourth grade -- but she will be more likely to eventually drop out. Viewed from a taxpayer's perspective, retaining a student will likely have one of two outcomes: She may drop out, meaning she will be less successful (and contribute about $60,000 less in taxes) over her lifetime, and she will be more likely to commit crimes and more likely to depend on government assistance; or She may complete high school,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], at a cost of an extra year of school -- about $10,000. If retention had a substantial payoff, paying for an extra year of school would be worthwhile (although it nationally adds up to billions of dollars each year). But there's no benefit. With grade retention, we are paying